At the beginning of the 20th century, L-carnitine was first isolated from meat extract and named after the source ("carnis" being Latin for meat)
Furthermore, TMAO enhances TNF- -mediated NF-B/MAPK pathway activity, upregulating pro-inflammatory factors and chemokines, which recruit immune cells and exacerbate inflammation (Stefania et al., 2024)
It not only serves as a major risk factor for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes but also exacerbates these conditions, further complicating their management and outcomes
chains of carbon and nitrogen atoms forming amines, imines, polyamines, hydrazines, hydrazones, or when combined with carbonyl groups forming amides, ureas, semicarbazides, carbazides, and the like