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Stable-isotope protocol The erythrocyte glutathione rate of synthesis was measured from the rate of incorporation of [ 2 H 2 ]glycine into the tripeptide by using erythrocyte free-glycine isotopic enrichment to represent the enrichment of the glycine precursor pool from which erythrocytes synthesize glutathione, as previously described (1922)

J Mater Chem B 11:56685692

Reduces Pigmentation and Dark Spots Effectively targets areas of hyperpigmentation caused by sun exposure, acne scars, or hormonal imbalances

Niacinamide can also help improve skin barrier function, thereby reducing the likelihood of irritation caused by retinol use