The American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II found elevated relative risks (i.e., the risk of the conditions among smokers compared to nonsmokers) for current smoking of 10.9 for males and 5.1 for females for lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers (i.e., male smokers have 10.9 times higher risk of developing these cancers than male nonsmokers, and female smokers have 5.1 times higher risk of developing these cancers than female nonsmokers) and 14.6 for males and 13.0 for females for laryngeal cancer (Ref
Nigerian Journal of Surgery: Official Publication of the Nigerian Surgical Research Society , 20 (2), 8386
Materials and methods Study design and participants The study followed a descriptive cross-sectional design and the objectives were addressed via an online survey
Tobacco use is a major risk factor for cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes, and chronic lung disease, stroke, infertility, blindness, tuberculosis (TB), oral cavities, etc. Heart diseases Smoking causes damage to the heart